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The contribution of roots to the mechanical behaviour of soil has typically only been studied for the ultimate limit state. In these approaches, roots are typically modelled as straight and unbranched structures. This approach overlooks the fact that roots may have to deform significantly to mobilise their strength, a process that will be influenced by root architecture effects such as branching, amongst others. Sequential mobilisation of roots affects the peak root-reinforcement, thus differences in mobilisation are important to consider when quantifying root-reinforcement. In this paper, the effect of root branching was modelled using a large-deformation Euler-Bernoulli beam-spring model. The effect of soil was incorporated using non-linear springs, similar to p-y and t-z theory used for foundation piles. By connecting multiple beams together (i.e. applying appropriate linked boundary conditions at root connection points) the effect of branching could be analysed. A soil displacement profile corresponding with direct shear loading was then imposed and the response of the root analysed. It was shown that adding branches led to a quicker mobilisation of root-reinforcement. Branches increased the axial resistance to root displacement and changed the shape of the deformed roots. The presence of branching counteracted root slippage, and thus increased reinforcement. Larger branching densities increased this effect. This analysis demonstrated that the architecture of the root system has a strong effect on the mobilisation of root strength, which directly affects the maximum amount of reinforcement the roots will provide. Future modelling of root-reinforcement, both at the ultimate and serviceable limit state, should account for this effect.

Root branching affects the mobilisation of root-reinforcement in direct shear