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A large number of direct imaging surveys for exoplanets have been performedin recent years, yielding the first directly imaged planets and providingconstraints on the prevalence and distribution of wide planetary systems.However, like most of the radial velocity ones, these surveys generally focuson single stars, hence binaries and higher-order multiples have not beenstudied to the same level of scrutiny. This motivated the SPOTS (Search forPlanets Orbiting Two Stars) survey, which is an ongoing direct imaging study ofa large sample of close binaries, started with VLT/NACO and now continuing withVLT/SPHERE. To complement this survey, we have identified the close binarytargets in 24 published direct imaging surveys. Here we present our statisticalanalysis of this combined body of data. We analysed a sample of 117 tightbinary systems, using a combined Monte Carlo and Bayesian approach to derivethe expected values of the frequency of companions, for different values of thecompanion's semi-major axis. Our analysis suggest that the frequency ofsub-stellar companions in wide orbit is moderately low ($\lesssim $13% with abest value of 6% at 95% confidence level) and not significantly differentbetween single stars and tight binaries. One implication of this result is thatthe very high frequency of circumbinary planets in wide orbits aroundpost-common envelope binaries, implied by eclipse timing (up to 90% accordingto Zorotovic & Schreiber 2013), can not be uniquely due to planets formedbefore the common-envelope phase (first generation planets), supporting insteadthe second generation planet formation or a non-Keplerian origin of the timingvariations.

SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars: II. First constraints on the frequency of sub-stellar companions on wide circumbinary orbits