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According to the Big Bang theory and as a consequence of adiabatic expansionof the Universe, the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB)increases linearly with redshift. This relation is, however, poorly explored,and detection of any deviation would directly lead to (astro-)physics beyondthe standard model. We aim at measuring the temperature of the CMB with anaccuracy of a few percent at z=0.89 toward the molecular absorber in the galaxylensing the quasar PKS1830-211. We adopt a Monte-Carlo Markov Chain approach,coupled with predictions from the non-LTE radiative transfer code RADEX, tosolve the excitation of a set of various molecular species directly from theirspectra. We determine Tcmb=5.08 pm 0.10 K at 68% confidence level. Ourmeasurement is consistent with the value Tcmb=5.14 K predicted by the standardcosmological model with adiabatic expansion of the Universe. This is the mostprecise determination of Tcmb at z>0 to date.

A precise and accurate determination of the cosmic microwave background temperature at z=0.89