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Context. Infrared spectroscopy has been extensively used to determine the mineralogy of circumstellar dust. The identification of dustspecies with featureless opacities, however, is still ambiguous. Here we present a method to lift the degeneracy using the combinationof infrared spectroscopy and interferometry.Aims. The binary post-AGB star HR 4049 is surrounded by a circumbinary disk viewed at a high inclination angle. Apart from gaseousemission lines and molecular emission bands of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), diamonds, and fullerenes, the 2–25 μm in-frared spectrum is featureless. The goal of the paper is to identify the dust species responsible for the smooth spectrum.Methods. We gathered high-angular-resolution measurements in the near- and mid-infrared with the VLTI interferometric instru-ments AMBER and MIDI. The data set is expanded with archival Geneva optical photometry, ISO-SWS and Spitzer-IRS infraredspectroscopy, and VISIR N-band images and spectroscopy. We computed a grid of radiative-transfer models of the circumbinary diskof HR 4049 using the radiative-transfer code MCMax. We searched for models that provide good fits simultaneously to all availableobservations.Results. We find that the variable optical extinction towards the primary star is consistent with the presence of very small (0.01 μm)iron-bearing dust grains or amorphous carbon grains. The combination of the interferometric constraint on the disk extent and theshape of the infrared spectrum points to amorphous carbon as the dominant source of opacity in the circumbinary disk of HR 4049.The disk is optically thick to the stellar radiation in the radial direction. At infrared wavelengths it is optically thin. The PAH emis-sion is spatially resolved in the VISIR data and emanates from a region with an extent of several hundreds of AU, with a projectedphotocenter displacement of several tens of AU from the disk center. The PAHs most likely reside in a bipolar outflow.Conclusions. Dust species with featureless opacity curves, such as metallic iron and amorphous carbon, can be identified by combin-ing infrared spectroscopy and high-angular-resolution measurements. In essence, this is because the temperatures of the dust speciesare notably different at the same physical distance to the star.status: publishe

Amorphous carbon in the disk around the post-AGB binary HR 4049