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Recent years have witnessed significant progresses in realizing skyrmions inchiral magnets1-4 and asymmetric magnetic multilayers5-13, as well as theirelectrical manipulation2,7,8,10. Equally important, thermal generation,manipulation and detection of skyrmions can be exploited for prototypical newarchitecture with integrated computation14 and energy harvesting15. It has yetto verify if skyrmions can be purely generated by heating16,17, and if theirresultant direction of motion driven by temperature gradients follows thediffusion or, oppositely, the magnonic spin torque17-21. Here, we address theseimportant issues in microstructured devices made of multilayers:(Ta_CoFeB_MgO)15, (Pt_CoFeB_MgO_Ta)15 and (Pt_Co_Ta)15 integrated with on-chipheaters, by using a full-field soft X-ray microscopy. The thermal generation ofdensely packed skyrmions is attributed to the low energy barrier at the deviceedge, together with the thermally induced morphological transition from stripedomains to skyrmions. The unidirectional diffusion of skyrmions from the hotregion towards the cold region is experimentally observed. It can betheoretically explained by the combined contribution from repulsive forcesbetween skyrmions, and thermal spin-orbit torques in competing with magnonicspin torques17,18,20,21 and entropic forces22. These thermally generatedskyrmions can be further electrically detected by measuring the accompaniedanomalous Nernst voltages23. The on-chip thermoelectric generation,manipulation and detection of skyrmions could open another exciting avenue forenabling skyrmionics, and promote interdisciplinary studies among spincaloritronics15, magnonics24 and skyrmionics3,4,12.

Thermal generation, manipulation and detection of skyrmions