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Culex pipiens pallens  is an important vector of lymphatic filariasis and epidemic encephalitis. Mosquito control is the main strategy used for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases.  Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis  ( Bti ) is an entomopathogenic bacterium widely used in mosquito control. In this study, we profiled the microbiota and transcriptional response of the larvae of  Cx. pipiens pallens  exposed to different concentrations of  Bti . The results demonstrated that  Bti  induced a significant effect on both the microbiota and gene expression of  Cx. pipiens pallens . Compared to the control group, the predominant bacteria changed from Actinobacteria to Firmicutes, and with increase in the concentration of  Bti , the abundance of Actinobacteria was gradually reduced. Similar changes were also detected at the genus level, where  Bacillus  replaced  Microbacterium , becoming the predominant genus in  Bti -exposed groups. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis indicated that  Bti  exposure changed the diversity of the microbota, possibly because the dysbiosis caused by the  Bti  infection inhibits some bacteria and provides opportunities to other opportunistic taxa. Pathway analysis revealed significant enhancement for processes associated with sphingolipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism between all  Bti- exposed groups and control group. Additionally, genes associated with the Toll and Imd signaling pathway were found to be notably upregulated.  Bti  infection significantly changed the bacterial community of larvae of  Cx. pipiens pallens .

Microbiota and transcriptome changes of Culex pipiens pallens larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis