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Extracellular contractile injection systems (eCISs) are structurally similar to headless phages and are versatile nanomachines conserved among diverse classes of bacteria. Herein,  Streptomyces  species, which comprise filamentous Gram-positive bacteria and are ubiquitous in soil, were shown to produce  Streptomyces  phage tail-like particles (SLPs) from eCIS-related genes that are widely conserved among  Streptomyces  species. In some  Streptomyces  species, these eCIS-related genes are regulated by a key regulatory gene, which is essential for  Streptomyces  life cycle and is involved in morphological differentiation and antibiotic production. Deletion mutants of  S. lividans  of the eCIS-related genes appeared phenotypically normal in terms of morphological differentiation and antibiotic production, suggesting that SLPs are involved in other aspects of  Streptomyces  life cycle. Using co-culture method, we found that colonies of SLP-deficient mutants of  S. lividans  were more severely invaded by fungi, including  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  and  Schizosaccharomyces pombe . In addition, microscopic and transcriptional analyses demonstrated that SLP expression was elevated upon co-culture with the fungi. In contrast, co-culture with  Bacillus subtilis  markedly decreased SLP expression and increased antibiotic production. Our findings demonstrate that in  Streptomyces,  eCIS-related genes affect microbial competition, and the patterns of SLP expression can differ depending on the competitor species.

Phage tail-like nanostructures affect microbial interactions between Streptomyces and fungi