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Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are central elements in the regulatory network that controls plant heat stress response. They are involved in multiple transcriptional regulatory pathways and play important roles in heat stress signaling and responses to a variety of other stresses. We identified 41 members of the  HSF  gene family in moso bamboo, which were distributed non-uniformly across its 19 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the moso bamboo  HSF  genes could be divided into three major subfamilies;  HSFs  from the same subfamily shared relatively conserved gene structures and sequences and encoded similar amino acids. All  HSF  genes contained HSF signature domains. Subcellular localization prediction indicated that about 80% of the HSF proteins were located in the nucleus, consistent with the results of GO enrichment analysis. A large number of stress response–associated  cis -regulatory elements were identified in the  HSF  upstream promoter sequences. Synteny analysis indicated that the  HSFs  in the moso bamboo genome had greater collinearity with those of rice and maize than with those of Arabidopsis and pepper. Numerous segmental duplicates were found in the moso bamboo  HSF  gene family. Transcriptome data indicated that the expression of a number of  PeHsf s differed in response to exogenous gibberellin (GA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). A number of  HSF  genes were highly expressed in the panicles and in young shoots, suggesting that they may have functions in reproductive growth and the early development of rapidly-growing shoots. This study provides fundamental information on members of the bamboo  HSF  gene family and lays a foundation for further study of their biological functions in the regulation of plant responses to adversity.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the heat shock transcription factor family in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)