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Toll-like receptor (TLR) family signature has been implicated in sepsis etiopathology. We aimed to evaluate the genetic profile of TLR pathway-related key genes; the myeloid differentiation protein 88 ( MYD88 ), IL1 receptor-associated kinase 1 ( IRAK1 ), the nuclear factor kappa-B1 ( NFKB1 ), and interleukin 6 ( IL6 ) in the blood of neonates with sepsis at the time of admission and post-treatment for the available paired-samples. This case–control study included 124 infants with sepsis admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and 17 controls. The relative gene expressions were quantified by TaqMan Real-Time qPCR and correlated to the clinic-laboratory data.  MYD88 ,  NFKB1 , and  IL6  relative expressions were significantly higher in sepsis cases than controls. Higher levels of  MYD88  and  IL6  were found in male neonates and contributed to the sex-based separation of the cases by the principal component analysis. ROC analysis revealed MYD88 and NFKB1 transcripts to be good biomarkers for sepsis. Furthermore, patients with high circulatory  MYD88  levels were associated with poor survival, as revealed by Kaplan–Meier curves analysis. MYD88, NFKB1, and IL6 transcripts showed association with different poor-outcome manifestations. Clustering analysis split the patient cohort into three distinct groups according to their transcriptomic signature and CRP levels. In conclusion, the study TLR pathway-related transcripts have a gender-specific signature, diagnostic, and prognostic clinical utility in neonatal sepsis.

MYD88, NFKB1, and IL6 transcripts overexpression are associated with poor outcomes and short survival in neonatal sepsis