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Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of  TOR  transcripts in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e.,  UPB1 , RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized  PvTOR -knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of  PvTOR  was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized  PvTOR -knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as  SWEET1 ,  VPY ,  VAMP713 , and  STR  was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in  PvTOR -knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that  PvTOR  is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in  P. vulgaris . These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of  P. vulgaris  and other legumes.

Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus