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The immune system plays an important role in the control of cancer development. To investigate the possible association of inflammasome genes to childhood leukemia we performed a case-control study with 158 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 192 healthy individuals. The  IL1B  and  IL18  genetic polymorphisms were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and  NLRP1, NLRP3  and  P2RX7  were genotyped using Real Time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The  IL1B C/T rs19644  genotype was associated with the risk of developing ALL (C/C vs. C/T + T/T OR: 2.48 [95% CI: 1.26–4.88,  p  =  0.006 ]; C/C vs C/T OR: 2.74 [95% CI: 1.37–5.51,  p  =  0.003 ]) and the  NLRP1 A/T rs12150220  (OR: 0.37 [95% CI: 0.16–0.87,  p  =  0.023 ]) was associated with protection against infectious comorbidities. It was not found association between  NLRP3  and  P2RX7  polymorphisms and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in our study. Our results suggest that the inflammasome single-variant polymorphisms (SNVs) may play a role in the development and prognostic of childhood leukemia. However, this finds requires further study within a larger population in order to prove it.

Genetic polymorphisms of inflammasome genes associated with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and clinical prognosis in the Brazilian Amazon