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Amur ide ( Leuciscus waleckii ), a Cyprinid species, is broadly distributed in Northeast Asia. Different from its freshwater counterparts, the population in Lake Dali Nor has a strong alkalinity tolerance and can adapt to extremely alkali–saline water with bicarbonate over 50 mmol/L. To uncover the genetic basis of its alkaline adaptation, three populations, including one alkali form from Lake Dali Nor (DL), one freshwater form from its adjacent sister Lake Ganggeng Nor (GG), and one freshwater form from its historical origin, namely, the Songhua River (SH), were analyzed using genome resequencing technology. A total of 679.82 Gb clean data and 38,091,163 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were detected in the three populations. Nucleotide diversity and population structure analysis revealed that the DL and GG populations have lower nucleotide diversities and different genetic structures than those of the SH population. Selective sweeping showed 21 genes involved in osmoregulatory regulation ( DLG1 ,  VIPR1 ,  AKT1 , and  GNAI1 ), inflammation and immune responses ( DLG1 ,  BRINP1 ,  CTSL, TRAF6, AKT1, STAT3, GNAI1, SEC22b,  and  PSME4b ), and cardiorespiratory development ( TRAF6 ,  PSME4b ,  STAT3 ,  AKT1 , and  COL9A1 ) to be associated with alkaline adaption of the DL population. Interestingly, selective pressure (CodeML, MEME, and FEL) methods identified two functional codon sites of  VIPR1  to be under positive selection in the DL population. The subsequent 3D protein modeling confirmed that these selected sites will incur changes in protein structure and function in the DL population. In brief, this study provides molecular evidence of population divergence and alkaline adaptation, which will be very useful for revealing the genetic basis of alkaline adaptation in Amur ide.

Resequencing and SNP discovery of Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii) provides insights into local adaptations to extreme environments