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Until now, the reported diversity of representatives from the genus  Hantzschia  inhabiting soils from different parts of Eurasia was limited to the few species  H. amphioxys ,  H. elongata  and  H. vivax  and some of their infraspecific taxa. We have studied the morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of 25 soil diatom strains, which according to published description would be assigned to “ H. amphioxys  sensu lato” using 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and  rbc L. We show that strains are made up of seven different species of  Hantzschia , including five new for science. Five strains were identified as  H. abundans . This species has a slight curvature of the raphe near its external proximal ends. Four of the examined strains were represented by different populations of  H. amphioxys  and their morphological characteristics fully correspond with its isolectotype and epitype. The main specific features of this species include 21–25 striae in 10 μm, 6–11 fibulae in 10 μm, 40–50 areolae in 10 μm and internal proximal raphe endings bent in opposite directions.  H .  attractiva  sp. nov.,  H .  belgica  sp. nov.,  H .  parva  sp. nov.,  H .  pseudomongolica  sp. nov. and  H .  stepposa  sp. nov. were described based on differences in the shape of the valves, significant differences in dimensions, a lower number of striae and areolae in 10 μm and the degree and direction of deflection of the internal central raphe endings. Based on the study of the morphological variability and phylogeny of soil  Hantzschia -species from different geographical locations we conclude that while some species such as  H. amphioxys  are truly cosmopolitan in their distributions, some sympatric populations of pseudocryptic taxa exist in the Holarctic.

Biogeography of the cosmopolitan terrestrial diatom Hantzschia amphioxys sensu lato based on molecular and morphological data