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After a century of investigations, the function of the obligate betaproteobacterial endosymbionts accommodated in leaf nodules of tropical  Rubiaceae  remained enigmatic. We report that the α- d -glucose analogue (+)-streptol, systemically supplied by mature  Ca.   Burkholderia kirkii  nodules to their  Psychotria  hosts, exhibits potent and selective root growth inhibiting activity. We provide compelling evidence that (+)-streptol specifically affects meristematic root cells transitioning to anisotropic elongation by disrupting cell wall organization in a mechanism of action that is distinct from canonical cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. We observed no inhibitory or cytotoxic effects on organisms other than seed plants, further suggesting (+)-streptol as a  bona fide  allelochemical. We propose that the suppression of growth of plant competitors is a major driver of the formation and maintenance of the  Psychotria–Burkholderia  association. In addition to potential agricultural applications as a herbicidal agent, (+)-streptol might also prove useful to dissect plant cell and organ growth processes.

Leaf nodule endosymbiotic Burkholderia confer targeted allelopathy to their Psychotria hosts