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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, disrupts the alveolar-capillary barrier, triggering pulmonary vascular leak thus inducing acute lung injury (ALI). Extracellular purines, adenosine and ATP, protected against ALI induced by purified LPS. In this study, we investigated whether these purines can impact vascular injury in more clinically-relevant  E.coli  (non-sterile LPS) murine ALI model. Mice were inoculated with live  E. coli  intratracheally (i.t.) with or without adenosine or a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5′-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (ATPγS) added intravenously (i.v.). After 24 h of  E. coli  treatment, we found that injections of either adenosine or ATPγS 15 min prior or adenosine 3 h after  E.coli  insult significantly attenuated the  E.coli -mediated increase in inflammatory responses. Furthermore, adenosine prevented weight loss, tachycardia, and compromised lung function in  E. coli -exposed mice. Accordingly, treatment with adenosine or ATPγS increased oxygen saturation and reduced histopathological signs of lung injury in mice exposed to  E. coli . Lastly, lung-targeting gene delivery of adenosine or ATPγS downstream effector, myosin phosphatase, significantly attenuated the  E. coli -induced compromise of lung function. Collectively, our study has demonstrated that adenosine or ATPγS mitigates  E. coli -induced ALI in mice and may be useful as an adjuvant therapy in future pre-clinical studies.

Adenosine and ATPγS protect against bacterial pneumonia-induced acute lung injury