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The most common species in liquid water, next to neutral H$_2$O molecules,are the H$_3$O$^+$ and OH$^-$ ions. In a dynamic picture, their exactconcentrations depend on the time scale at which these are probed. Here, usinga spectral-weight analysis, we experimentally resolve the fingerprints of theelusive fluctuations-born short-living H$_3$O$^+$, DH$_2$O$^+$, HD$_2$O$^+$,and D$_3$O$^+$ ions in the IR spectra of light (H$_2$O), heavy (D$_2$O), andsemi-heavy (HDO) water. We find that short-living ions, with concentrationsreaching $\sim 2\%$ of the content of water molecules, coexist with long-livingpH-active ions on the picosecond timescale, thus making liquid water aneffective ionic liquid in femtochemistry.

Revealing excess protons in the infrared spectrum of liquid water