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Tritrophic interactions allow plants to recruit natural enemies for protection against herbivory. Here we investigated genetic variability in induced responses to stemborer egg-laying in maize  Zea mays  (L.) (Poaceae). We conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) of 146 maize genotypes comprising of landraces, inbred lines and commercial hybrids. Plants were phenotyped in bioassays measuring parasitic wasp  Cotesia sesamiae  (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attraction to volatiles collected from plants exposed to stemborer  Chilo partellus  (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used to generate maize germplasm SNP data for GWAS. The egg-induced parasitoid attraction trait was more common in landraces than in improved inbred lines and hybrids. GWAS identified 101 marker-trait associations (MTAs), some of which were adjacent to genes involved in the JA-defence pathway ( opr7, aos1, 2, 3 ), terpene biosynthesis ( fps3, tps2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 ), benzoxazinone synthesis ( bx7, 9 ) and known resistance genes (e.g.  maize insect resistance 1, mir1 ). Intriguingly, there was also association with a transmembrane protein kinase that may function as a receptor for the egg elicitor and other genes implicated in early plant defence signalling. We report maize genomic regions associated with indirect defence and provide a valuable resource for future studies of tritrophic interactions in maize. The markers identified may facilitate selection of indirect defence by maize breeders.

Genome wide association analysis of a stemborer egg induced “call-for-help” defence trait in maize