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Agrobacterium -mediated plant galls are often misdiagnosed as nematode-mediated knots, even by experts, because the gall symptoms in both conditions are very similar. In the present study, we developed biosensor strains based on agrobacterial opine metabolism that easily and simply diagnoses  Agrobacterium -induced root galls. Our biosensor consists of  Agrobacterium  mannitol (ABM) agar medium, X-gal, and a biosensor. The working principle of the biosensor is that exogenous nopaline produced by plant root galls binds to NocR, resulting in NocR/nopaline complexes that bind to the promoter of the nopaline oxidase gene ( nox ) operon and activate the transcription of  noxB - lacZY , resulting in readily visualized blue pigmentation on ABM agar medium supplemented with X-gal (ABMX-gal). Similarly, exogenous octopine binds to OccR, resulting in OoxR/octopine complexes that bind to the promoter of the octopine oxidase gene ( oox ) operon and activate the transcription of  ooxB - lacZY , resulting in blue pigmentation in the presence of X-gal. Our biosensor is successfully senses opines produced by  Agrobacterium -infected plant galls, and can be applied to easily distinguish  Agrobacterium  crown gall disease from nematode disease.

Simple and economical biosensors for distinguishing Agrobacterium-mediated plant galls from nematode-mediated root knots