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The dermal striated muscle  panniculus carnosus  (PC), prevalent in lower mammals with remnants in humans, is highly regenerative, and whose function is purported to be linked to defence and shivering thermogenesis. Given the heterogeneity of responses of different muscles to disease, we set out to characterize the PC in wild-type and muscular dystrophic  mdx  mice. The mouse PC contained mainly fast-twitch type IIB myofibers showing body wide distribution. The PC exemplified heterogeneity in myofiber sizes and a prevalence of central nucleated fibres (CNFs), hallmarks of regeneration, in wild-type and  mdx  muscles, which increased with age. PC myofibers were hypertrophic in  mdx  compared to wild-type mice. Sexual dimorphism was apparent with a two-fold increase in CNFs in PC from male versus female  mdx  mice. To evaluate myogenic potential, PC muscle progenitors were isolated from 8-week old wild-type and  mdx  mice, grown and differentiated for 7-days. Myogenic profiling of PC-derived myocytes suggested that male  mdx  satellite cells (SCs) were more myogenic than female counterparts, independent of SC density in PC muscles. Muscle regenerative differences in the PC were associated with alterations in expression of calcium handling regulatory proteins. These studies highlight unique aspects of the PC muscle and its potential as a model to study mechanisms of striated muscle regeneration in health and disease.

The panniculus carnosus muscle: A novel model of striated muscle regeneration that exhibits sex differences in the mdx mouse