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Point-of-care testing (POCT) for uropathogen detection and chemical screening has great benefits for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The goal of this study was to develop a portable and inexpensive paper-based analytical device (PAD) for cultivating bacteria  in situ  and rapidly testing for nitrite on the same device. The PAD was fabricated using a wax printing technique to create a pattern on Whatman No. 1 filter paper, which was then combined with a cotton sheet to support bacterial growth. Nitrite detection was based on the principle of the Griess reaction, and a linear detection range of 0–1.6 mg/dL (R 2  = 0.989) was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated that the bacteria were able to grow and formed a cluster on the cellulose fibres within 2 hours. The enzyme β-glucuronidase, which is specifically produced by  Escherichia coli , was able to convert the pre-immobilized 5 - bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide sodium salt (X-GlcA), a colourless substrate, generating a blue colour. Under optimum conditions, the proposed device allowed bacterial concentrations in the range of 10 4 –10 7  colony forming units (CFU)/mL to be quantified within 6 hours. Moreover, the use of this device enables the identification of  E .  coli  pathogens with selectivity in real urine samples. In conclusion, the PAD developed in this study for UTI screening provides a rapid, cost-effective diagnostic method for use in remote areas.

Multifunctional Paper-Based Analytical Device for In Situ Cultivation and Screening of Escherichia coli Infections