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The taxa of  Astragalus  section  Hymenostegis  are an important element of mountainous and steppe habitats in Southwest Asia. A phylogenetic hypothesis of sect.  Hymenostegis  has been obtained from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid  ycf 1 sequences of up to 303 individuals from 106 species, including all 89 taxa currently assigned to sect.  Hymenostegis , 14 species of other  Astragalus  sections, and two species of  Oxytropis  and one  Biserrula  designated as outgroups. Bayesian phylogenetic inference and parsimony analyses reveal that three species from two other closely related sections group within sect.  Hymenostegis , making the section paraphyletic. DNA sequence diversity is generally very low among  Hymenostegis  taxa, which is consistent with recent diversification of the section. We estimate that diversification in sect.  Hymenostegis  occurred in the middle to late Pleistocene, with many species arising only during the last one million years, when environmental conditions in the mountain regions of Southwest and Central Asia cycled repeatedly between dry and more humid conditions.

Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Astragalus section Hymenostegis: An analysis of a rapidly diversifying species group in Fabaceae