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Diabetes causes a variety of end-stage organ complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Metabolomics offers an approach for characterizing biofluid metabolic changes, but studies focusing on diabetic nephropathy are limited due to the loss of tissue-specific metabolic information. A microdialysis application for the sampling of intact endogenous metabolites has been developed, utilizing two probes simultaneously inserted into the kidney tissues and jugular vein of rats with type 2 diabetes. The comprehensive and quantitative analysis of 20 diagnostic biomarkers closely realated to type 2 diabetes and its complications were performed. Results indicated that amino acid and nucleotide levels were lower in diabetic rats, revealing that the metabolic pathways of amino acid, as well as purine and pyrimidine, were disturbed. Targeted metabolomics using mass spectrometry was performed to find potential therapeutic biomarkers and related metabolic pathways of  Gardenia jasminoides  ( G. jasminoides ) for treating diabetes. Results suggested that seven biomarkers in the kidney and five biomarkers in the blood were related to  G. jasminoides . In addition, the marked perturbations of pathways were regulated after treatment with  G. jasminoides , including amino acid metabolism and purine metabolism. These biomarkers and metabolic pathways provided new understanding for molecular mechanisms of  G. jasminoides  for treating diabetes and its complications.

Targeted metabolome profiling by dual-probe microdialysis sampling and treatment using Gardenia jasminoides for rats with type 2 diabetes