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The ecotoxicological effects of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) were tested on population densities of plankton assemblages consisting of two algae ( Isochrysis galbana  and  Platymonas subcordiformis ) and a rotifer ( Brachionus plicatilis ). The  I. galbana  showed a significant decrease in densities when concentrations of CIP were above 2.0 mg L −1  in single-species tests, while  P. subcordiformis  and  B. plicatilis  were stable in densities when CIP were less than10.0 mg L −1 . The equilibrium densities of  I. galbana  in community test increased with CIP concentrations after falling to a trough at 5.0 mg L −1 , showed a completely different pattern of  P. subcordiformis  which decreased with CIP concentrations after reaching a peak at 30.0 mg L −1 . The observed beneficial effect was a result of interspecies interactions of trophic cascade that buffered for more severe direct effects of toxicants. The community test-based NOEC of CIP (2.0 mg L −1 ), embodying the indirect effects, was different from the extrapolated one derived by single-species tests (0.5 mg L −1 ), but all lacked confidence interval. A CIP threshold concentration of obvious relevance to ecological interaction was calculated with a simplified plankton ecological model, achieving a value of 1.26 mg L −1  with a 95% bootstrapping confidence interval from 1.18 to 1.31 mg L −1 .

Interspecies Interactions Reverse the Hazard of Antibiotics Exposure: A Plankton Community Study on Responses to Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride