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Tungsten oxide and its associated bronzes (compounds of tungsten oxide and analkali metal) are well known for their interesting optical and electricalcharacteristics. We have modified the transport properties of thin WO$_3$ filmsby electrolyte gating using both ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes. We areable to tune the resistivity of the gated film by more than five orders ofmagnitude, and a clear insulator-to-metal transition is observed. To clarifythe doping mechanism, we have performed a series of incisive operandoexperiments, ruling out both a purely electronic effect (charge accumulationnear the interface) and oxygen-related mechanisms. We propose instead thathydrogen intercalation is responsible for doping WO$_3$ into a highlyconductive ground state and provide evidence that it can be described as adense polaronic gas.

Insulator to Metal Transition in WO$_3$ Induced by Electrolyte Gating