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The magnetic nature of the formation of solar active regions lies at theheart of understanding solar activity and, in particular, solar eruptions. Awidespread model, used in many theoretical studies, simulations and theinterpretation of observations is that the basic structure of an active regionis created by the emergence of a large tube of pre-twisted magnetic field.Despite plausible reasons and the availability of various proxies suggestingthe veracity of this model, there has not yet been any direct observationalevidence of the emergence of large twisted magnetic flux tubes. Thus, thefundamental question, "are active regions formed by large twisted flux tubes?"has remained open. In this work, we answer this question in the affirmative andprovide direct evidence to support this. We do this by investigating a robusttopological quantity, called magnetic winding, in solar observations. Thisquantity, combined with other signatures that are currently available, providesthe first direct evidence that large twisted flux tubes do emerge to createactive regions.

Direct evidence: twisted flux tube emergence creates solar active regions