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Rechargeable lithium, sodium, and aluminum metal-based batteries are amongthe most versatile platform for high-energy, cost effective electrochemicalenergy storage. Non-uniform metal deposition and dendrite formation on thenegative electrode during repeated cycles of charge and discharge are majorhurdles to commercialization of energy storage devices based on each of thesechemistries. A long held view is that unstable electrodeposition is aconsequence of inherent characteristics of these metals and their inability toform uniform electrodeposits on surfaces with inevitable defects. We report onelectrodeposition of lithium in simple liquid electrolytes and in nanoporoussolids infused with liquid electrolytes. We find that simple liquidelectrolytes reinforced with halogenated salt blends exhibit stable long-termcycling at room temperature, often with no signs of deposition instabilitiesover hundreds of cycles of charge and discharge and thousands of operatinghours. We rationalize these observations with the help of surface energy datafor the electrolyte/lithium interface and impedance analysis of the interfaceduring different stages of cell operation. Our findings provide support for animportant recent theoretical prediction that the surface mobility of lithium issignificantly enhanced in the presence of lithium halide salts.

Stable Lithium Electrodeposition in Liquid and Nanoporous Solid Electrolytes