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The aetiologic role of tobacco smoking was elucidated in a case-control study comprising 579 cases of male lung cancer registered during 1972-1977 in northern Sweden. The population aetiologic fraction attributable to smoking was about 80% in this series. Pipe smoking was as common as cigarette smoking and gave similar relative risk. The pipe smoking cases, however, had significantly higher mean age and mean smoking years at the time of diagnosis than the cigarette smoking cases. An obvious dose-response relation was found for both cigarette and pipe smoking. In ex-smokers, the relative risk gradually decreased from five years after cessation of smoking. This decrease was, however, much less pronounced in ex-pipe smokers than in ex-cigarette smokers. High relative risks were obtained for small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. For adenocarcinomas the relative risk was considerably lower but still significantly increased. Two types of controls were used, i.e. decreased and living. Comparison with living controls gave generally higher risk estimates than comparison with deceased controls.

Smoking and lung cancer with special regard to type of smoking and type of cancer. A case-control study in north Sweden