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Photosynthesis offers a convenient means of sustaining biospheres. Wequantify the constraints for photosynthesis to be functional on the permanentnightside of tidally locked rocky exoplanets via reflected light from theirexomoons. We show that the exomoons must be at least half the size of Earth'smoon in order for conventional oxygenic photosynthesis to operate. Thisscenario of photosynthesis is unlikely for exoplanets around late-type M-dwarfsdue to the low likelihood of large exomoons and their orbital instability overlong timescales. Subsequently, we investigate the prospects for photosynthesison habitable exomoons via reflected light from the giant planets that theyorbit. Our analysis indicates that such photosynthetic biospheres arepotentially sustainable on these moons except those around late-type M-dwarfs.We conclude our analysis by delineating certain physiological and biochemicalfeatures of photosynthesis and other carbon fixation pathways, and thelikelihood of their evolution on habitable planets and moons.

Photosynthesis on Exoplanets and Exomoons from Reflected Light