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Structure and climate of the east North Atlantic are appraised within a framework of  in situ  measurement and altimeter remote sensing from 0°–60°N. Long zonal expendable bathythermograph/conductivity–temperature–depth probe sections show repeating internal structure in the North Atlantic Ocean. Drogued buoys and subsurface floats give westward speeds for eddies and wavelike structure. Records from longterm current meter deployments give the periodicity of the repeating structure. Eddy and wave characteristics of period, size or wavelength, westward propagation speed, and mean currents are derived at 20°N, 26°N, 32·5°N, 36°N and 48°N from  in situ  measurements in the Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that ocean wave and eddy-like features measured  in situ  correlate with altimeter structure. Interior ocean wave crests or cold dome-like temperature structures are cyclonic and have negative surface altimeter anomalies; mesoscale internal wave troughs or warm structures are anticyclonic and have positive surface height anomalies. Along the Eastern Boundary, flows and temperature climate are examined in terms of  sla  and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index. Longterm changes in ocean climate and circulation are derived from  sla  data. It is shown that longterm changes from 1992 to 2002 in the North Atlantic Current and the Subtropical Gyre transport determined from  sla  data correlate with winter NAO Index such that maximum flow conditions occurred in 1995 and 2000. Minimum circulation conditions occurred between 1996–1998. Years of extreme negative winter NAO Index result in enhanced poleward flow along the Eastern Boundary and anomalous winter warming along the West European Continental Slope as was measured in 1990, 1996, 1998 and 2001.

Ocean structure and climate (Eastern North Atlantic): in situ measurement and remote sensing (altimeter)