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Although the sequence of physically different antibodies in the immune response has attracted considerable attention, only relatively few animal-antigen systems have been subjected to detailed study. Uhr & Finkelstein (1967) have reviewed the work of Uhr and co-workers on the response to bacteriophage in guinea-pigs. Svehag & Mandel (1964 a, b) characterized antibodies following inoculation of poliovirus in rabbits. Nossal, Austin & Ada (1965) analysed the response to Salmonella flagella antigen in rats. There has been very little significant work on the response in cattle, except for the study of the response to Anaplasma marginale by Murphy, Osebold & Aalund (1966). The differences between the responses in these systems indicates the importance of further detailed studies of a variety of animalantigen systems. The primary response to arboviruses in man shows the rapid development of neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies; haemolytic complement fixing (HCFT) antibodies appear later and are usually relatively short lived (Southam & Green, 1958; Buescher et al. 1959; Scherer et al. 1959). In the secondary response there is a rapid increase of antibodies detected by all three serological tests and reinfection with a different but related arbovirus causes a broadly cross-reacting response in which antibodies are detected to other viruses which would not be detected in the primary response to either infecting virus (Theiler & Casals, 1958; Porterfield, 1962; Pond et al. 1967). Bovine immunoglobulins have not been fully characterized although there is evidence for an immunoglobulin in addition to IgG and IgM which may be a bovine IgA (Murphy, Osebold & Aalund, 1965; Pierce & Peinstein, 1965; Winter, 1966). This paper describes the response in calves following experimental inoculation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) using different serological tests and techniques of protein separation to study the part played by physically different immunoglobulins. * Present address: Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge

The immune response to viruses in calves: I. Response to Murray Valley encephalitis virus