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IN a previous communication the authors drew attention to the occurrence of complement-fixation by normal serum along with various non-antigenic substances, and recorded the results of a study of this phenomenon with particular reference to the serum principle or principles concerned in the reaction (Mackie and Finkelstein, 1928). Though no conclusive interpretation of the results could be offered, a close analogy was established between the reacting agent of the serum and a natural antibody, e.g. a natural haemolysin, and the observations appeared to be of significance in relation to natural immunity phenomena. Similar reactions had been studied by Takenomata (1924), and substances capable of yielding such effects with normal serum were designated by him "pseudo-antigens." Among these he included bacterial suspensions, and drew attention to the occurrence of non-specific complement-fixation through the interaction of normal serum and bacteria. A preliminary investigation of this reaction was made in the course of our previous inquiry into non-specific complement-fixation but the question of its relationship to the reaction with non-antigenic agents was not fully studied. The occurrence of non-specific complement-fixation efEects by the interaction of various bacterial antigens along with the normal serum of the rabbit and dog was noted by Kolmer and his co-workers (1916). They used suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, B. typhosus and B. coli communis which had been heated at 60° C. and stated that the effect occurred with serum heated at 55° C. as well as with fresh serum. A closely related phenomenon has also been recorded and studied by Dunlop (1928), namely, complement-fixation by guinea-pig serum interacting in certain concentrations with suspensions of B. typhosus and other organisms, and thus characterised by a "zone phenomenon" when varying amounts of the serum (containing both the fixing agent and complement) are tested. This "zonal fixation" was observed with the majority of strains of B. typhosus,

Complement-fixation by the Interaction of Normal Serum and Bacterial Suspensions—a Contribution to the Study of Natural Immunity Phenomena