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It is proposed that critical balance - a scale-by-scale balance between thelinear propagation and nonlinear interaction time scales - can be used as auniversal scaling conjecture for determining the spectra of strong turbulencein anisotropic wave systems. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), rotating and stratifiedturbulence are considered under this assumption and, in particular, a novel andexperimentally testable energy cascade scenario and a set of scalings of thespectra are proposed for low-Rossby-number rotating turbulence. It is arguedthat in neutral fluids, the critically balanced anisotropic cascade provides anatural path from strong anisotropy at large scales to isotropic Kolmogorovturbulence at very small scales. It is also argued that the kperp^{-2} spectraseen in recent numerical simulations of low-Rossby-number rotating turbulencemay be analogous to the kperp^{-3/2} spectra of the numerical MHD turbulence inthe sense that they could be explained by assuming that fluctuations arepolarised (aligned) approximately as inertial waves (Alfven waves for MHD).

Critical balance in magnetohydrodynamic, rotating and stratified turbulence: towards a universal scaling conjecture