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Contrary to common assumptions, a transcritical domain exists during theearly times of liquid hydrocarbon fuel injection at supercritical pressure. Asharp two-phase interface is sustained before substantial heating of theliquid. Thus, two-phase dynamics has been shown to drive the earlythree-dimensional deformation and atomisation. A recent study of atranscritical liquid jet shows distinct deformation features caused byinterface thermodynamics, low surface tension, and intraphase diffusive mixing.In the present work, the vortex identification method ${\lambda}_{\rho}$, whichconsiders the fluid compressibility, is used to study the vortex dynamics in acool liquid n-decane transcritical jet surrounded by a hotter oxygen gaseousstream at supercritical pressures. The relationship between vortical structuresand the liquid surface evolution is detailed, along with the vorticitygeneration mechanisms, including variable-density effects. The roles of hairpinand roller vortices in the early deformation of lobes, the layering and tearingof liquid sheets, and the formation of fuel-rich gaseous blobs are analysed. Atthese high pressures, enhanced intraphase mixing and ambient gas dissolutionaffect the local liquid structures (i.e., lobes). Thus, liquid breakup differsfrom classical sub-critical atomisation. Near the interface, liquid density andviscosity drop by up to 10% and 70%, respectively, and the liquid is moreeasily affected by the vortical motion (e.g., liquid sheets wrap aroundvortices). Despite the variable density, compressible vorticity generationterms are smaller than the vortex stretching and tilting. Layering traps andaligns the vortices along the streamwise direction while mitigating thegeneration of new rollers.

Vorticity dynamics in transcritical liquid jet breakup