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Jet quenching has long been regarded as one of the key signatures for theformation of quark-gluon plasma in heavy-ion collisions. Despite significantefforts, the separate identification of quark and gluon jet quenching hasremained as a challenge. Here we show that $J/\psi$ in high transverse momentum($p_\text{T}$) region provides a uniquely sensitive probe of in-medium gluonenergy loss since its production at high $p_\text{T}$ is particularly dominatedby gluon fragmentation. Such gluon-dominance is first demonstrated for thebaseline of proton-proton collisions within the framework of leading powerNRQCD factorization formalism. We then use the linear Boltzmann transport modelcombined with hydrodynamics for the simulation of jet-medium interaction innucleus-nucleus collisions. The satisfactory description of experimental dataon both nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{AA}}$ and elliptic flow $v_2$reveals, for the first time, that the gluon jet quenching is the driving forcefor high $p_\text{T}$ $J/\psi$ suppression. This novel finding is furtherconfirmed by the data-driven Bayesian analyses of relevant experimentalmeasurements, from which we also obtain the first quantitative extraction ofthe gluon energy loss distribution in the quark-gluon plasma.

Unraveling Gluon Jet Quenching through $J/\psi$ Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions