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This contribution is a brief introduction to nonthermal effects related tomodifications of the interatomic potential upon ultrafast excitation of theelectronic system of solids, primarily focusing on the swift heavy ion trackproblem. We clarify the difference between the exchange of the kinetic energyof electrons (and holes) scattering on the lattice (electron-phonon coupling,"thermal effects") and the relaxation of the nonequilibrium potential energy ofa solid ("nonthermal effects"). We discuss that at different degrees ofelectronic excitation, the modification of the interatomic potential may resultin various phase transitions without an increase of the atomic temperature,i.e., at room temperature (nonthermal melting, formation of the superionicstate), or in atomic acceleration causing "nonthermal heating" of the targetatoms. Examples of theoretically predicted various effects are given, supportedby known experimental observations.

nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. section b, beam interactions with materials and atoms/nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. section b, beam interactions with materials and atoms

Nonthermal effects in solids after swift heavy ion impact