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With increasing automation, drivers' roles transition from active operatorsto passive system supervisors, affecting their behaviour and cognitiveprocesses. This study addresses the attentional resource allocation andsubjective cognitive load during manual, SAE Level 2, and SAE Level 3 drivingin a realistic environment. An experiment was conducted on a test track with 30participants using a prototype automated vehicle. While driving, participantswere subjected to a passive auditory oddball task and theirelectroencephalogram was recorded. The study analysed the amplitude of the P3aevent-related potential component elicited by novel environmental stimuli, anobjective measure of attentional resource allocation. The subjective cognitiveload was assessed using the NASA Task Load Index. Results showed no significantdifference in subjective cognitive load between manual and Level 2 driving, buta decrease in subjective cognitive load in Level 3 driving. The P3a amplitudewas highest during manual driving, indicating increased attentional resourceallocation to environmental sounds compared to Level 2 and Level 3 driving.This may suggest that during automated driving, drivers allocate fewerattentional resources to processing environmental information. It remainsunclear whether the decreased processing of environmental stimuli in automateddriving is due to top-down attention control (leading to attention withdrawal)or bottom-up competition for resources induced by cognitive load. This studyprovides novel empirical evidence on resource allocation and subjectivecognitive load in automated driving. The findings highlight the importance ofmanaging drivers' attention and cognitive load with implications for enhancingautomation safety and the design of user interfaces.

From Driver to Supervisor: Comparing Cognitive Load and EEG-based Attentional Resource Allocation across Automation Levels