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Sophorolipids are well-known scaled-up microbial glycolipid biosurfactantswith a strong potential for commercialization due to their biological originand mildness in contact with the skin and the environment compared to classicalsurfactants. However, their association properties in water are still poorlyunderstood, they cannot be predicted and their behavior in solution challengeshalf a century of knowledge generated in the field of surfactant science. Bystudying forty different types of sophorolipids and sophorosides in water usingsmall angle X-ray scattering, and optical and cryogenic transmission electronmicroscopy, this work provides better understanding of their structure-propertyrelationship and identifies which chemical groups in their molecular structurehave a critical influence on their self-assembly properties. Structuralfeatures like the number of sugar headgroups, acetylation, end-chain functionalgroup, (un)saturation, lactonization and length of chain are adjusted to bothrationalize their impact and understand their effect on self-assembly. Thenumber of sugar groups, pH, (un)saturation and lactonization were found to havea critical impact on sophorolipid self-assembly. The chemical nature of theend-chain functional group and chain length were also found to have a possiblycritical impact, depending on the specific type of chemical function (COOH andlong chains are critical). Mono- and diacetylation, as well as the position ofsophorose in the fatty acid ($\omega$, $\omega$-1), are not critical, i.e.,they did not significantly influence sophorolipid self-assembly.

colloids and surfaces. a, physicochemical and engineering aspects

Aqueous self-assembly of a wide range of sophorolipid and glucolipid  microbial bioamphiphiles (biosurfactants): considerations on the  structure-properties relationship