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The relative diffusion coefficient ( D   r  ) of solutes in soils is directly proportional to the “ n th” power of the volumetric soil water content ( θ ), where  n  is an empirical parameter, which normally ranges between 1 and 2. The existence of a breakpoint ( θ   br  ) in the relationship between  θ  and  D   r   has been demonstrated at low- θ , in which the value of  n  becomes approximately 4 when  θ  &lt;  θ   br  . The change in  n  can be attributed to various mechanisms, including drastic changes in the geometrical distribution of pore liquid water caused by dehydration. However, as direct  D   r   measurements require considerable time to render sufficient data at low- θ , few studies have measured  D   r   at  θ  &lt;  θ   br  , and the relationship between  D   r   and  θ  at  θ  &lt;  θ   br   remains unclear. In this study, we investigated if the indirect  D   r   measurement method can be applied in the low- θ  region of  θ  &lt;  θ   br  . An indirect method for measuring  D   r   was employed to determine the soil electrical conductivity (EC s ). Using dune sands in which the presence of  θ   br   was confirmed,  D   r   from high- to low- θ  was calculated based on EC s  measurements and compared with directly measured  D   r  . The relationships between  θ  and  D   r   calculated based on EC s  and using the transient state method were almost the same.  D   r   could be calculated from EC s  even at  θ  &lt;  θ   br  . The results confirmed that the indirect Dr measurement method can be applied for the low- θ  region of  θ  &lt;  θ   br  .

Relationship Between Solute Diffusion Coefficient and Electrical Conductivity Under Extremely Low Soil Water Conditions