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Two-dimensional (2D) ZnO nanosheet arrays were prepared via vanadium (V)-doping assisted hydrothermal method, and then the nanosheet was successfully converted to a nanorod-on-nanosheet ZnO hierarchical structure by treating with Na2S solution and subsequent hydrothermal reaction. Hierarchical films with different nanorod growth time (1–8 h) were prepared and their photovoltaic properties were also investigated after electrodeposition of CdSe quantum dots. For the hierarchical nanorod-on-nanosheet ZnO films, increasing the ZnO nanorod growth time can enormously enlarge the length of branched nanorods and light-scattering ability, resulting in better light-harvesting efficiency and higher photo-generated electron concentration, which leads to higher short-circuit current density (J sc) and open-circuit voltage (V oc). However, further increasing nanorod growth time to 8 h leads to the over-dense coverage of nanorods, which is harmful for light-harvesting efficiency and leads to severe electron recombination, eventually diminishes the power conversion efficiency (PCE). With the optimized nanorod modification and Cu2S counter electrode, the PCE reaches a maximum value of 4.26%, which to the best of our knowledge, is among the highest PCE record for CdSe sensitized solar cells based on ZnO photoanodes.

Hierarchical ZnO nanorod-on-nanosheet arrays electrodes for efficient CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells