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Most common cultivars of Oriental (or Japanese) persimmon,  Diospyros kaki  Thunb. (Ericales: Ebenaceae), set mostly female flowers and require pollen from male flowers of other cultivars for pollination. Growers often introduce the European honeybee,  Apis mellifera  L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), into their orchards to promote pollination. Here, we investigated the pollination effectiveness of  A. mellifera  for  D. kaki  ‘Saijo,’ by monitoring flower visitors, analyzing pollen grains on bees’ body surfaces, and comparing the number of mature seeds in fruits among years with different pollinator availabilities.  Apis mellifera  and the bumblebee  Bombus ardens ardens  Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the major visitors for 3 years, although their dominance varied among years. The number of mature seeds was positively correlated with the number of  B. ardens ​ardens  visiting  D. kaki  flowers, but not with that of  A. mellifera. Apis mellifera  might be less efficient because visitors to female flowers carried significantly fewer pollen grains on their body surfaces than those of  B. ardens ​ardens . Analysis of pollen loads of honeybees captured at their nest entrance suggested their preference for red clover,  Trifolium pratense  L. (Fabales: Fabaceae), and  Toxicodendron  spp. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), over  D. kaki  as a pollen source in our study site. The effectiveness of  A. mellifera  on  D. kaki  pollination should be carefully evaluated considering the effects of coexisting floral and pollinator species.

applied entomology and zoology

Pollination effectiveness of European honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in an Oriental persimmon, Diospyros kaki (Ericales: Ebenaceae), orchard