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For these reasons, both basic research and clinical research on autoimmune diseases has become ever more important for reducing the impact of these conditions. From epidemiological and physiopathological studies we can expect significant progress in understanding the mechanisms which lead to the onset of autoimmune diseases as well as the mechanisms involved in disease progression. From clinical studies we can expect clearer information on the significance and advantages of early diagnosis even in asymptomatic subjects. The development of new and more effective therapeutic strategies is also the subject of continuous research. Even in the fields of imaging and laboratory diagnostics, many notable achievements have been made and more are expected. Recent advances in in vivo imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using contrast agents which label specific cells, have the potential for mapping these cells in living tissues and monitoring their functions. In the years to come, the application of these new high-resolution imaging strategies will eventually provide a powerful means for noninvasive detection, diagnosis and monitoring of immunological diseases. Laboratory diagnostics of autoimmune diseases is another area of great relevance. Even in this specific sector , over the last 20 years progress has been remarkable. Immunometric tests with recombinant or synthetic anti-gens have come alongside the traditional immunofluores-cence techniques and have progressively replaced the first-generation methods (precipitation, etc.) which are cumbersome and not very practical. Thus the sensitivity and specificity of results has improved greatly. The future will offer new technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, and the use of sophisticated methods based on microchip technology and mass spectrometry. These Autoimmune diseases include a wide range of diseases which differ in terms of demographic profile and clinical manifestations. At the same time, despite the diversity in their presentation and progression, autoimmune diseases share common pathophysiological mechanisms which allow their characterization as a specific subdiscipline within the field of internal medicine. Besides the numerous rheumatic diseases, an autoim-mune pathogenesis is recognized in many diseases of the endocrine, dermatological, neurological, haematologi-cal, hepatic and gastrointestinal systems and organs, so that no medical specialty is excluded from the field of autoimmunity. Although many of these diseases taken individually are very rare, taken together they involve up to 10% of the population, with prevalence and incidence on the rise. Their social and economic impact is, therefore , substantial.

Autoimmunity Highlights: a bridge between the clinic and the laboratory