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Background Freshwater endemism is thought to have been formed through the vicariance of connected water systems or the process by which ancestral populations colonized specific areas. The Korean Peninsula is well recognized for its high level of freshwater endemism with about 40% of freshwater fish species being endemic. Objective In this study, we attempted to reconstruct the process of speciation and phylogenetic dispersal of  Coreoleuciscus  species, which is endemic in the Korean Peninsula. Methods We used fossil-calibrated divergence time estimation and ancestral distributional reconstruction to infer phylogeographic reconstruction of  Coreoleuciscus  based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidate subunit I (COI) sequences (1551 bp). Results Our phylogeographic analysis based on a total of 626 individuals revealed that the two  Coreoleuciscus  species have originated from the independent colonization of different lineages in the ancestral populations, probably during the Late Plio-Pleistocene. The full-scale expansion of  Coreoleuciscus  populations appears to have taken place after major river structures were completed on the Korean Peninsula. We also provided evidence that the common ancestors of  Coreoleuciscus  was distributed in Eastern Eurasian continent and subsequently dispersed into the tip of East Asia. High genetic diversity was mainly concentrated in large drainage populations, while small populations showed an monomorphism, which could give important implications for planning the conservation and management of  Coreoleuciscus . Conclusions The phylogenetic background of the rheophilic  Coreoleuciscus  species can be explained by the colonizer hypothesis that the endemic freshwater fish originated from the common ancestor in continental region.

genes and genomics/genes and genomics

Phylogeography of the Korean endemic Coreoleuciscus (Cypriniformes: Gobionidae): the genetic evidence of colonization through Eurasian continent to the Korean Peninsula during Late Plio-Pleistocene