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In real engineering applications, nanoparticles can face hurdles of complex behavior of pollutants, for which electrostatic forces and background electrolyte can prove to be one of the robust mechanisms to remove pollutants from wastewater. In the present work, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles (NPs) and trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) coated Fe 3 O 4  NPs were synthesized and characterized for removing divalent Ni 2+  and Cd 2+  ions. Morphological and chemical analysis of both NPs was performed, and batch adsorption experiments were performed to study the influence of different pH ranges, concentrations of adsorbents and different contact timings. TOPO functionalized magnetite nanoparticles were found to have better adsorption capacities as compared to Fe 3 O 4  at higher pH values. Isotherm models were run to identify the adsorption process. Langmuir isotherm model data fitted best for both metal ions adsorption, while Freundlich data suited best only for Ni 2+  ions. The regression values for kinetic models confirmed that pseudo-second-order fitted best to the adsorption of both Ni 2+  and Cd 2+ . Higher adsorption values were noticed for Ni 2+  at higher dosages of both bare and TOPO-coated iron oxide NPs. Cadmium was found to have no influence of adsorbent dosage. Contact time was found to impact sorption values, i.e., adsorption was greater initially and then decreased with the passage of time. The study concludes that TOPO decorated Fe 3 O 4  NPs can be more efficiently used for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the presence of alkyl chains in TOPO can be immobilized at surface of metals to undergo adsorption more efficiently.

Removal of of toxic metal ions (Ni2+ and Cd2+) from wastewater by using TOPO decorated iron oxide nanoparticles