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Many Eryngium species have been traditionally used as ornamental, edible or medicinal plants. The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses have shown that the major compounds in the aerial parts were spathulenol (in E. campestre and E. palmatum oils) and germacrene D (in E. amethystinum oil). The main compounds in the root oil were nonanoic acid, 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde and octanoic acid for E. campestre , E. amethystinum and E. palmatum , respectively. All the oils expressed the highest potential against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus as well as Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis . Molecular docking analysis was used for determining a potential antibacterial activity mechanism of compounds present in the essential oils. Molecular docking confirmed that the binding affinity of spathulenol to the active site of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase was the highest among the tested dominant compounds. Regarding the total phenolic content (determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and flavonoid content (evaluated using aluminum nitrate nonahydrate), the highest amount was found in the ethyl acetate extract of E. palmatum . The results of DPPH and ABTS assay indicated that the highest antioxidant activity was present in the water extract of E. amethystinum . Extracts of the aerial parts presented as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) expressed the activity in the range 0.004-20.00 mg/mL, with the highest activity exhibited by the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts against Proteus mirabilis . The obtained results suggest that Eryngium species may be considered a beneficial native source of the compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

journal of food science and technology/journal of food science and technology

Chemical characterization, in vitro biological activity of essential oils and extracts of three Eryngium L. species and molecular docking of selected major compounds