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For the first time, the potential of Ni/NiO and NiO–TiO 2  nano-catalysts for the oxidation of toluene under moderate temperatures was investigated. The nano-catalysts were prepared using the solution combustion synthesis method (SCSM) and the effect of the composition of nano-catalysts, the inlet toluene concentration    $$([\text{C}_{7} {\text{H}}_{8}]_{in})$$  ( [ C 7 H 8 ] in ) , the relative humidity (RH), and the temperature on the percentage of toluene conversion (   $$\% {\text{TN}}_{Conv.} )$$  % TN C o n v . ) were subsequently examined. Results revealed that the nano-catalysts synthesized with a low fuel-to-metal ratio produced pure NiO, which has significant catalytic activity toward the conversion of toluene. Conversely, the high fuel-to-metal ratio generated a nano-catalysts that contains a mixture of Ni/NiO or pure Ni with low activity toward the conversion of toluene. Adding NiO to TiO 2  increased the surface area of the catalyst, augmented the catalyst active sites, enhanced the oxidation of toluene, and increased CO 2  selectivity (   $${\text{S}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$  S CO 2 ). NiO and NiO–TiO 2  nano-catalysts exhibited higher reaction rates, significant catalyst turnover frequency, and low activation energy. The obtained results revealed that the SCSM is a promising synthesis method for producing NiO or NiO–TiO 2  nano-catalysts, which can be employed successfully for the removal of toluene from gas streams. Graphic Abstract

Moderate Temperature Treatment of Gas-Phase Volatile Organic Toluene Using NiO and NiO–TiO2 Nano-catalysts: Characterization and Kinetic Behaviors