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In this study, we expressed rAvBD1-2-6-13 protein through Lactococcus lactis NZ3900, and the effects of the recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 as an immune enhancer and immune adjuvant were verified using in vivo and in vitro tests. In vitro tests revealed that recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 significantly activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and IRF signaling pathway in J774-Dual™ report cells and significantly increased the transcript levels of IL-10, IL-12p70, CD80, and CD86 in chicken PBMCs and chicken HD11 cells. In vivo experiments revealed that the immunized group supplemented with recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 as an adjuvant had significantly higher serum antibody titers and higher proliferative activity of PBMCs in the blood of the chickens immunized with NDV live and inactivated vaccines. Our study shows that the recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 has strong immunomodulatory activity both in vivo and in vitro and is a potential immune enhancer. Our work lays the foundation for the research and development of new animal immune enhancers for application in the poultry industry.

Recombinant Avian β-Defensin Produced by Food-Grade Lactococcus as a Novel and Potent Immunological Enhancer Adjuvant for Avian Vaccine