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Short single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) functionalized by PEGylatedphospholipids are biologically non-toxic and long-circulating nanomaterialswith intrinsic near infrared photoluminescence (NIR PL), characteristic Ramanspectra, and strong optical absorbance in the near infrared (NIR). This workdemonstrates the first dual application of intravenously injected SWNTs asphotoluminescent agents for in vivo tumor imaging in the 1.0-1.4 {\mu}memission region and as NIR absorbers and heaters at 808 nm for photothermaltumor elimination at the lowest injected dose (70 {\mu}g of SWNT/mouse,equivalent to 3.6 mg/kg) and laser irradiation power (0.6 W/cm2) reported todate. Ex vivo resonance Raman imaging revealed the SWNT distribution withintumors at a high spatial resolution. Complete tumor elimination was achievedfor large numbers of photothermally treated mice without any toxic side effectsafter more than six months post-treatment. Further, side-by-side experimentswere carried out to compare the performance of SWNTs and gold nanorods (AuNRs)at an injected dose of 700 {\mu}g of AuNR/mouse (equivalent to 35 mg/kg) in NIRphotothermal ablation of tumors in vivo. Highly effective tumor eliminationwith SWNTs was achieved at 10 times lower injected doses and lower irradiationpowers than for AuNRs. These results suggest there are significant benefits ofutilizing the intrinsic properties of biocompatible SWNTs for combined cancerimaging and therapy.

High Performance In Vivo Near-IR (>1 {\mu}m) Imaging and Photothermal Cancer Therapy with Carbon Nanotubes