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Important decisions that impact human lives, livelihoods, and the naturalenvironment are increasingly being automated. Delegating tasks to so-calledautomated decision-making systems (ADMS) can improve efficiency and enable newsolutions. However, these benefits are coupled with ethical challenges. Forexample, ADMS may produce discriminatory outcomes, violate individual privacy,and undermine human self-determination. New governance mechanisms are thusneeded that help organisations design and deploy ADMS in ways that are ethical,while enabling society to reap the full economic and social benefits ofautomation. In this article, we consider the feasibility and efficacy ofethics-based auditing (EBA) as a governance mechanism that allows organisationsto validate claims made about their ADMS. Building on previous work, we defineEBA as a structured process whereby an entity's present or past behaviour isassessed for consistency with relevant principles or norms. We then offer threecontributions to the existing literature. First, we provide a theoreticalexplanation of how EBA can contribute to good governance by promotingprocedural regularity and transparency. Second, we propose seven criteria forhow to design and implement EBA procedures successfully. Third, we identify anddiscuss the conceptual, technical, social, economic, organisational, andinstitutional constraints associated with EBA. We conclude that EBA should beconsidered an integral component of multifaced approaches to managing theethical risks posed by ADMS.

Ethics-Based Auditing of Automated Decision-Making Systems: Nature, Scope, and Limitations