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The iconic destruction of the World Trade Towers in New York on the 11th September, 2001 marks a watershed in human affairs. The present dangers faced collectively by many societies take various guises including scenarios in which bombs with or without added radioactive isotopes, poison gas and pathogenic microorganisms could be employed. How can disasters planned by individuals and groups who seek to harm societies be prevented? How can the provision of such groups with the tools of destruction be prevented? And how can the unwitting creation of means whereby those skilled in the art may fabricate agents of even greater destructive power be prevented? Such questions have led to the notion that the research effected in the areas of nuclear energy, toxic gases and disease-causing microbes may not only be used for the benefit of all societies but also their harm. From this arises the concept of the dual-use of both the knowledge examined by the application of the scientific method and the products made by the engineers. While it is clear there is a simple dichotomy between the beneficial and a harmful uses of either knowledge (science) or a physical tool, it should also be made clear that all elements of knowledge and all tools have many applications—so multiple uses—each of which may be further categorised under the dual-use dichotomy. The generality of this situation may be illustrated by the efforts of A. Chamberlain (Davidson et al. 2007) and her colleagues who wish to question all the researchers on the Duke University Campus

“Dual Use” and “Intentionality”: Seeking to Prevent the Manifestation of Deliberately Harmful Objectives