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Purpose of review  There is an established association between hypertension and increased risk of poor cognitive performance and dementia including Alzheimer’s disease; however, associations between antihypertensive medications (AHMs) and dementia risk are less consistent. An increased interest in AHM has resulted in expanding publications; however, none of the recent reviews are comprehensive. Our extensive review includes 15 observational and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published over the last 5 years, assessing the relationship between AHM and cognitive impairment.    Recent findings  All classes of AHM showed similar result patterns in human studies with the majority of study results reporting point estimates below one and only a small number of studie s  ( N  = 15) reporting statistically significant results in favor of a specific class.    Summary  Only a small number of studies reported statistically significant results in favor of a specific class of AHM. Methodological limitations of the studies prevent definitive conclusions. Further work is now needed to evaluate the class of AHM and cognitive outcomes in future RCTs, with a particular focus on the drugs with the promising results in both animals and human observational studies.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11906-016-0674-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Relationship Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment: Part I. Review of Human Studies and Clinical Trials